From the life of the Kalmyk clergy in the late 19th ‒ early 20th century
Komandzhaev Alexander N.,
Indzhieva Bayrta M.,
Shikhanov Namsyr A.
10.54398/1818510Х_2023_4_60
Annotation
The relevance of considering this problem is explained by the need to clarify a number of already known facts, as well as to enrich the study of Kalmyk everyday life in the pre-revolutionary period with additional sources. The purpose of the study is to characterize the most important events for society in the life of the Kalmyk Buddhist clergy in the late imperial period. Sources and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the use of office materials from the Fund "Management of the Kalmyk People", stored in the National Archives of Kalmykia, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The work is based on the application of a complex of general scientific and special-historical methods, first of all, the principles of historicism and objectivity. Results. The article provides a detailed description of two significant events that took place in the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province during the period under study: the election of the head of the Buddhist clergy in 1887 and the official approval of the statutes and curriculum in two Buddhist higher schools (Tzanit-Chore). The regulation and content of these events in the life of the Kalmyk clergy are evidence of the era: the bureaucratization of the process as a result of the streamlining of office work, the positive attention of the state to various faiths and the determining role of representatives of the clergy in the implementation of the described events in the light of some liberalization of social and confessional relations in Russia.
Keywords
Contribution of the authors
Komandzhaev A. N. – scientific guidance, development of the research concept, substantiation of the goal, writing the text, final conclusions;
Indzhieva B. M. – identification and collection of archival sources, participation in writing and finalizing the text;
Shikhanov N. A. - identification and collection of archival sources, final conclusions.
Acknowledgments
the article was prepared as part of the implementation of the Russian Science Foundation grant, project No. 23-18-20019 "Between East and West: civilizational and cultural development of the Kalmyk society as part of pre-revolutionary Russia".
References
-
Alekseeva, P. V. Kalmytskie puteshestvtnniki kontsa XIX – nachala XX v. [Kalmyk travelers of the late 19th ‒ early 20th centuries]. Teegin gerl. 1988, no. 2, pp. 94−96.
-
Baza-bagshi i ego dukhovnoe nasledie [Baaza-bagshi and his spiritual heritage]. Elista: Dzhangar; 2013, 160 p.
-
Bakaeva, E. P. Glava kalmytskoy tserkvi (shadzhin-lama): protsedura izbraniai [Head of the Kalmyk Church (Shajin Lama): Election Procedure]. Rossiyskoe mongolovedenie [Russian Mongolian studies]. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS; 2001, pp. 312‒324.
-
Bakaeva, E. P., Ochirova, B. V. Otkrytie vysshikh konfessionalnykh shkol Tsanit-Chore v Kalmykii: istoricheskiy kontekst [Opening of higher confessional schools of Tzanit-Cheer in Kalmykia: historical context]. Stanovlenie i razvitie vysshego professionalnogo obrazovaniia v natsionalnykh respublikakh Uga Rossii [Formation and development of higher professional education in the national republics of the South of Russia]. Elista: Kalmyk State University; 2010, pp. 39‒43.
-
Baskhaev, A. N. Buddiyskaia tserkov v Kalmykii: 1900‒1943 gg. [Buddhist Church in Kalmykia: 1900−1943]. Elista: Dzhangar; 2007, 240 p.
-
Buddiyskoe dukhovenstvo i kultura kalmytskogo naroda [Buddhist clergy and culture of the Kalmyk people]. Elista: Dzhangar; 2004, 174 p.
-
Voprosy istorii lamaizma v Kalmykii [Questions of the history of Lamaism in Kalmykia]. Elista: Kalmyk Scientific Research Institute of History, Philology and Economics; 1987, 132 p.
-
State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. Found 1, inventory 11, case 518.
-
Dordzhieva, G. Sh. Buddiyskaia tserkov Kalmykii v kontse XIX – pervoy polovine XX v. [Buddhist Church in Kalmykia at the end of the 20th ‒ the first half of the 20th century]. Moscow: Institute of Russian History RAS; 2001, 181 p.
-
Dordzhieva, G. Sh. Buddizm Kalmykii v veroispovednoy politike Rossiyskogo gosudarstva (seredina XVII – nachalo XX v.) [Buddhism in Kalmykia in the religious policy of the Russian state (mid 17th ‒ early 20th century)]. Elista: Kalmyk State University; 2012, 203 p.
-
Dordzhieva, G. Sh. Vysshie konfessionalnye buddiyskie shkoly Tsanit-Chore v Kalmykii [The highest confessional Buddhist schools of Tzanit-Chore in Kalmykia]. Buddizm Rossii [Buddhism in Russia]. 2010, no. 43, pp. 114‒124.
-
Istoriia Kalmykii s drevneyshikh vremen do nashikh dney: v 3 tomakh [History of Kalmykia from ancient times to the present day: in 3 vol.]. Elista: Gerel; 2009, vol. 3, 752 p.
-
Komandzhaev, A. N. Polozhenie lamaistskoy tserkvi v kalmytskom obchestve (konets XIX – nachalo XX v.) [The position of the lamaist church in the Kalmyk society (the end of the 19th ‒ the beginning of the 20th century)]. Orient. 1992, iss. 1, pp. 145‒151.
-
Lamaizm v Kalmykii [Lamaism in Kalmykia]. Ed. by V. P. Darbakova, A. I. Naberukhin, N. L. Zhukovskaia. Elista: Kalmyk Research Institute of Language, Literature and History; 1977, 112 p.
-
Lamaizm v Kalmykii i voprosy nauchnogo ateizma [Lamaism in Kalmykia and questions of scientific atheism]. Elista: Kalmyk Scientific Research Institute of History, Philology and Economics; 1980, 157 p.
-
National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. Found 9, inventory 5, case 308.
-
National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. Found 9, inventory 5, case 1818.
-
National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. Found 9, inventory 5, case 1825.
-
Nebolsin, P. I. Ocherki byta kalmykov Khoshoutovskogo ulusa [Essays on the life of the Kalmyks in the Khoshoutovsky ulus]. St. Petersburg: Krayia; 1852, 199 p.
-
Podrobnye svedeniya o volzhskikh kalmykakh, sobrannye na meste N. Nefedevym [Detailed information about the Volga Kalmyks collected on the spot by N. Nefediev]. St. Petersburg: Krayia; 1834, 290 p.
-
Omakaeva, E. U. Agvan Dorzhiev i kalmytskie palomniki [Agvan Dorzhiev and Kalmyk pilgrims]. Natsionalnaia intelligentsia i dukhovenstvo: istoriia i sovremennost [National intelligentsia and clergy: history and modernity]. Ulan-Ude: 1994, pp. 53‒54.
-
Orekhov, I. I. Lamaistskoe dukhovenstvo Kalmykii v nachale XX veka [Lamaist clergy of Kalmykia at the beginning of the 20th century]. Lamaizm v Kalmykii [Lamaism in Kalmykia]. Elista: Kalmyk Research Institute of Language, Literature and History; 1977, pp. 50‒55.
-
Orlova, K. V. Tsanid Chore v Kalmykii [Tsanid Chore in Kalmykia]. Buryat-mongoly nakanune II tysiacheletiia: Opyt kochevoy tsivilizatsii Rossiia ‒ Vostok ‒ Zapad v sudbe naroda [Buryat-Mongols on the Eve of the III Millennium: the Experience of the Nomadic Civilization Russia-East-West in the Fate of the People]. Ulan-Ude: 1997, pp. 111‒112.
-
Ochirova, B. V. Iz istorii vysshikh buddiyskikh filosofskikh akademiy “Choyra” v Kalmykii v pervoy treti XX v. [From the history of the higher Buddhist philosophical academies "Choira" in Kalmykia in the first third of the 20th century]. Vestnik Buriatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Buryat State University]. 2009, iss. 8, pp. 48‒55.
-
Polozhenie ob upravlenii kalmytskim narodom 1847 g. [Regulations on the management of the Kalmyk people of 1847]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire]. St. Petersburg: Tip. II Otd. Sobstv. E. I. V. Kants.; 1848, collection 2, vol. 22, branch 1, no. 21144, pp. 349‒372.
-
Puteshestvie D. Ulyanova i N. Ulanova v Tibet [Journey of D. Ulyanov and N. Ulanov to Tibet]. Elista: Kalmyk Institute of Humanitarian Studies RAS; 2014, 193 p.
-
Sartikova, Ye. V. Religioznoe obrazovanie u narodov Povolzhya v nachale XX v. [Religious education among the peoples of the Volga region at the beginning of the 20th century]. Vestnik Kalmytskogo institute gumanitarnykh issledovaniy RAN [Bulletin of Kalmyk Institute of Humanitarian Studies RAS]. 2011, no. 2, pp. 42‒46.
-
Smirnov, P. Putevye zapiski po Kalmytskim stepyam Astrakhanskoy gubernii [Travel notes on the Kalmyk steppes of the Astrakhan province]. Elista: Kalmyk book Publishing House; 1999, 248 p.
-
Tibet glazami rossiyskikh puteshestvennikov [Tibet through the eyes of Russian travelers]. Elista: Kalmyk Institute of Humanitarian Studies RAS; 2014, 182 p.
-
Ulyanov, I. I. Astrakhanskie kalmyki, ikh domashne-religioznyy byt i obchtsestvenno- religioznye nuzhdy [Astrakhan Kalmyks, their domestic religious life and social and religious needs]. St. Petersburg: Gerastr; 1910, 48 p.
-
Khozhdenie v Tibet kalmytskogo bakshi Purdash Dzhugrueva. Ch. 1. Put v Tibet [Journey to Tibet of the Kalmyk bakshi Purdash Dzhungruev. Part 1. Road to Tibet]. Filologicheskie issledovaniya staropismennykh pamiatnikov [Philological studies of ancient written monuments]. Elista: Kalmyk Scientific Research Institute of History, Philology and Economics; 1995, pp. 125‒144.
-
Khozhdenie v Tibet kalmytskogo bakshi Purdash Dzhugrueva. Ch. 2. U svyatyn Tibeta [Journey to Tibet of the Kalmyk Bakshi Purdash Dzhungruev. Part 2. At the shrines of Tibet]. Problemy mongolskoy filologii [Problems of Mongolian Philology]. Elista: Kalmyk Scientific Research Institute of History, Philology and Economics; 1988, pp. 135‒153.
Read more