Labor migration in the structure of the industrial and fishing economy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region in the late 19th – early 20th centuries: social and economic aspects

10.54398/1818510Х_2023_3_39

Annotation

The article studies the social effects of the implementation of state migration policy using the example of such population groups as industrial workers, small entrepreneurs and catchers, who mainly became those who arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. migrants. The sources underlying this study were archival documents on the history of migration to the Volga-Caspian Fishing Region (VKRR) from the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region, regulatory documents from the Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire related to the topic under study, various materials and statistical data, published by researchers of the Volga-Caspian fishery in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Based on the material studied, the authors come to the conclusion that the social consequences of state migration policy during the period under study were contradictory. On the one hand, legislative changes in fishing rules undertaken by the government in the mid-1860s, against the background of the abolition of serfdom, led to a significant surge in labor migration to the region and, accordingly, the growth of unauthorized settlements in the lower reaches of the Volga and on the coast of the Caspian Sea, where catchers and fishing workers settled. On the other hand, the authorities, despite many years of efforts, were unable to legalize such settlements, thereby creating many social problems for their residents. The activities of government structures in the legislative sphere were in-consistent and contradictory. Using the legally controversial provisions of the Charter of the Caspian fisheries and sealing industries of May 25, 1865, large fishing companies, having bought up fisheries in the lower reaches of the Volga, became monopolists in the industrial production of the most valuable species of fish, in particular, Caspian herring. The government, although it struggled with a similar situation in the fishing industry, for example, by encouraging competition through supporting boat fishing, which was accessible to the poor, was nevertheless unable to cope with fishing monopolies and their negative impact on the development of fishing

Keywords

• Caspian Sea
• Volga
• Volga-Caspian fishing area
• Astrakhan
• migration
• migrant
• entrepreneur
• monopolist
• fisheries
• fish
• hunting
• fishing
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Contribution of the authors

Vinogradov S. V. – scientific management, development of the research concept, writing the source text, data collation, final conclusions; Kulakova N. I. – work in the archive, processing and presentation of source materials, revision of the text, final conclusions

Acknowledgments

this work has been supported by the grants the Russian Science Foundation № 23-28-00547 “Model of regulation of labor migration in the Russian Empire in 1861-1914 (by the example of the formation of industrial and commercial clusters of the Volga-Caspian fishing region)”, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-28-00547/.

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