The article is devoted to one of the fateful moments in Soviet history - the transition from the policy of "war communism" to the new economic policy. The transition to new economic policy allowed the Bolsheviks to avoid a new round of civil war, to retain power and quickly restore the country's economy, destroyed by wars and revolutions. At the same time, this was a difficult period in the development of the RCP (b), which forcing many communists to abandon of the fast realization of a dream of a quick victory of socialism, and to engage in more materially-minded matters, for example, learn to trade, skillfully manage, etc. The discussions in the RCP (b) about the introduction of the new economic policy were out of view of historians for a long time. The author researched a large number of archival documents devoted to this problem in the Volga region cities. Many documents on this theme have been put into scientific circulation for the first time.
